Times[77] 15 General rankings According to U.S. News & World Report Penn is curren

sis, widely used as a predictive tool especially in market research, Simon Kuznets's method of measuring Gross National Product,[69] the Penn effect (the observation that consumer price levels in richer countries are systematically higher than in poorer ones), and the "Wharton Model"[70] developed by Nobel-laurete Lawrence Klein to measure and forecast economic activity. The idea behind Health Maintenance Organizations also belonged to Penn professor Robert Eilers, who put it into practice during then President Nixon's health reform in the 1970s.[69]
Rankings[edit]

University rankings
National
ARWU[71]    12
Forbes[72]    11
U.S. News & World Report[73]    7
Washington Monthly[74]    21
Global
ARWU[75]    14
QS[76]    13
Times[77]    15
General rankings
According to U.S. News & World Report Penn is currently ranked 7th in the United States (tied with Duke and MIT), behind Princeton, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, The University of Chicago and Stanford.[78] U.S. News also includes Penn in its Most Popular National Universities list,[79] and so does The Princeton Review in its Dream Colleges list.[80]
In their latest editions Penn was ranked 13th in the world by the QS World University Rankings,[81] 14th by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities,[82] and 15th by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[83] According to the Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranking Penn is also the 8th and 9th best university in the world for economics/business and social sciences studies, respectively.[84] University of Pennsylvania ranked 12th among 300 Best World Universities in 2012 compiled by Human Resources & Labor Review (HRLR) on Measurements of World's Top 300 Universities Graduates' Performance .[85]
Research rankings
The Center for Measuring University Performance places Penn in the first tier of the United States' top research universities (tied with Columbia, MIT and Stanford), based on research expenditures, faculty awards, PhD granted and other academic criteria.[86] Penn was also ranked 9th by the National Science Foundation in terms of R&D expenditures topping all other Ivy League Schools.[49] The High Impact Universities research performance index ranks Penn 8th in the world, whereas the 2010 Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities (published by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan) ranks Penn 11th in the world for 2010, 2008 and 2007, and 9th for 2009.[citation needed] The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers measures universities' research productivity, research impact, and research excellence based on the scientific papers published by their academic staff. The SCImago Institutions Rankings World Report 2012, which ranks world universities, national institutions and academies in terms of rese